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Research Citations

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a well-founded and rapidly advancing tool for treating neurological deficits affecting patients’ health-related quality-of-life. At Lasene, we design solutions.

Lasene brings advanced-proprietary treatment protocols and algorithms to the world of state-of-the-art PBM technology.

The following citations are for your personal and your physician’s initial educational link into the root science supporting the benefits and safety of PBM and Lasene. Lasene is not an experimental protocol: It is an advanced clinical diagnostic and treatment system founded in existing neuromusculoskeletal care and it is uniquely adapted to achieve high- yield functional outcomes for neural deficits.

The citation links listed below are in order of relevance to understanding the science behind PBM, the rational for Lasene Programs, and the reason for our history of high-yield therapeutic outcomes.

01.

Johnstone DM, Moro C, Stone J, Benabid AL, Mitrofanis J.

Turning On Lights to Stop Neurodegeneration: The Potential of Near Infrared Light Therapy in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease.

Front Neurosci. 2016 Jan 11;9:500. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00500. PMID: 26793049; PMCID: PMC4707222.

02.

Could near infrared light (NIR) be a new treatment for Parkinson's disease?

The Essanum Experts’ Blog. Dr. Sophie Christoph.

November 2020.

03.

Trials begin for a new weapon against Parkinson’s: light. Science.

Gunjan Sinha.

September 17, 2020.

04.

Foo ASC, Soong TW, Yeo TT, Lim KL.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Parkinson's Disease-Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy. Front Aging

Neurosci. 2020 Apr 3;12:89. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00089. PMID: 32308618; PMCID: PMC7145956.

05.

Berman MH, Nichols TW.

Treatment of Neurodegeneration: Integrating Photobiomodulation and Neurofeedback in Alzheimer's Dementia and Parkinson's: A Review.

Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Oct;37(10):623-634. doi: 10.1089/photob.2019.4685. PMID: 31647776.

06.

San Miguel M, Martin KL, Stone J, Johnstone DM.

Photobiomodulation Mitigates Cerebrovascular Leakage Induced by the Parkinsonian Neurotoxin MPTP.

Biomolecules. 2019 Oct 4;9(10):564. doi: 10.3390/biom9100564. PMID: 31590236; PMCID: PMC6843129.

07.

Maksimovich IV.

Intracerebral Transcatheter Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Treatment of Binswanger's Disease and Vascular Parkinsonism: Research and Clinical Experience.

Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Oct;37(10):606-614. doi: 10.1089/photob.2019.4649. Epub 2019 Aug 7. PMID: 31390288.

08.

The potential of light therapy for Parkinson’s.

Medium.com. Dr Katherine Fletcher.

July 8, 2019.

09.

Maggio R, Vaglini F, Rossi M, Fasciani I, Pietrantoni I, Marampon F, Corsini GU, Scarselli M, Millan MJ.

Parkinson's disease and light: The bright and the Dark sides.

Brain Res Bull. 2019 Aug;150:290-296. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.
2019.06.013. Epub 2019 Jun 19. PMID: 31226407.

10.

Santos L et al.

Photobiomodulation in Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial, Brain Stimulation

2019

11.

Hamilton C, Hamilton D, Nicklason F, El Massri N, Mitrofanis J.

Exploring the use of transcranial photobiomodulation in Parkinson's disease patients.

Neural Regen Res [serial online] 2018 Aug [cited 2020 Dec 1];13:1738-40.

12.

Light Therapy: A New Tool for Managing Parkinson’s.

ParkinsonsDisease.net. Editorial Team.

June 4, 2018

13.

Reinhart F, El Massri N, Johnstone DM, Stone J, Mitrofanis J, Benabid AL, Moro C.

Near-infrared light (670 nm) reduces MPTP-induced parkinsonism within a broad therapeutic time window.

Exp Brain Res. 2016 Jul;234(7):1787-1794. doi: 10.1007/s00221-016-4578-8. Epub 2016 Feb 15. PMID: 26879772.

14.

Johnstone D, Coleman K, Moro C, Torres N, Eells J, Baker GE, Ashkan K, Stone J, Benabid A, Mitrofanis J.

The potential of light therapy in Parkinson's disease.

ChronoPhysiology and Therapy. 2014;4:1-14

15.

Vos M, Lovisa B, Geens A, Morais VA, Wagnières G, van den Bergh H, Ginggen A, De Strooper B, Tardy Y, Verstreken P.

Near-infrared 808 nm light boosts complex IV-dependent respiration and rescues a Parkinson-related pink1 model.

PLoS One. 2013 Nov 11;8(11):e78562. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.
0078562. PMID: 24244323; PMCID: PMC3823844.

01.

Nakamura K, Kawasaki T (2017)

Infrared light as a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegeneration.

Biomed Res Clin Prac 2: DOI: 10.15761/BRCP.1000130

02.

Hong N.

Photobiomodulation as a treatment for neurodegenerative disorders: current and future trends.

Biomed Eng Lett. 2019 Jun 12;9(3):359-366. doi:10.1007/s13534-019-00115-x. PMID: 31456895; PMCID: PMC6694374.

03.

Bathini M, Raghushaker CR, Mahato KK.

The Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Photobiomodulation Against Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review.

Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2020 Dec 10. doi: 10.1007/s10571-020-01016-9. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33301129.

01.

Hamblin MR.

Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders.

BBA Clin. 2016 Oct 1;6:113-124. doi: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.09.002. PMID: 27752476; PMCID: PMC5066074.

02.

Yang L, Youngblood H, Wu C, Zhang Q.

Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection: role of methylene blue and photobiomodulation. Transl Neurodegener.

2020 Jun 1;9(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s40035-020-00197-z. PMID: 32475349; PMCID: PMC7262767.

03.

Belluscio V, Stuart S, Bergamini E, Vannozzi G, Mancini M.

The Association between Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Turning Behavior in People with and without Freezing of Gait.

Neuroscience. 2019 Sep 15;416:168-176. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.
2019.07.024. Epub 2019 Jul 19. PMID: 31330231.

04.

Maidan I, Bernad-Elazari H, Gazit E, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM, Mirelman A.

Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin link freezing of gait to frontal activation in patients with Parkinson disease: an fNIRS study of transient motor-cognitive failures.

J Neurol. 2015;262(4):899-908. doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7650-6. Epub2015 Jan 31. PMID: 25636682.

05.

Dagan M, Herman T, Bernad-Elazari H, Gazit E, Maidan I, Giladi N, Mirelman A, Manor B, Hausdorff JM.

Dopaminergic therapy and prefrontal activation during walking in individuals with Parkinson's disease: does the levodopa overdose hypothesis extend to gait?

J Neurol. 2020 Sep 9. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10089-x. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32902733.

06.

Sharon T, Kurz I, Bernad-Elazari H, Shustak S, Galperin I, Giladi N, Mirelman A, Hausdorff JM, Maidan I.

Which obstacle attributes place additional demands on higher-level cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease?

Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020 Aug 10;78:178-183. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.08.002. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32927415.

07.

Infrared Laser-Induced Amyloid Fibril Dissociation: A Joint Experimental/Theoretical Study on the GNNQQNY Peptide.

Takayasu Kawasaki, Viet Hoang Man, Yasunobu Sugimoto, Nobuyuki Sugiyama, Hiroko Yamamoto, Koichi Tsukiyama, Junmei Wang, Philippe Derreumaux, and Phuong H. Nguyen. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2020 124 (29), 6266-6277. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05385

June 19, 2020

08.

Salehpour F, Gholipour-Khalili S, Farajdokht F, Kamari F, Walski T, Hamblin MR, DiDuro JO, Cassano P.

Therapeutic potential of intranasal photobiomodulation therapy for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: a narrative review.

Rev Neurosci. 2020 Apr 28;31(3):269-286. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0063. PMID: 31812948; PMCID: PMC7138738.

09.

Martín-Bastida A, Lao-Kaim NP, Roussakis AA, Searle GE, Xing Y, Gunn RN, Schwarz ST, Barker RA, Auer DP, Piccini P.

Relationship between neuromelanin and dopamine terminals within the Parkinson's nigrostriatal system.

Brain. 2019 Jul 1;142(7):2023-2036. doi: 10.1093/brain/awz120. PMID: 31056699; PMCID:PMC6664390.

10.

Maidan I, Bernad-Elazari H, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM, Mirelman A.

When is Higher Level Cognitive Control Needed for Locomotor Tasks Among Patients with Parkinson's Disease?

Brain Topogr. 2017 Jul;30(4):531-538. doi: 10.1007/s10548-017-0564-0. Epub 2017 Apr 24. PMID: 28439757.

11.

Mirelman A, Maidan I, Bernad-Elazari H, Shustack S, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM.

Effects of aging on prefrontal brain activation during challenging walking conditions.

Brain Cogn. 2017 Jul;115:41-46. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 Apr 21. PMID: 28433922.

12.

Bick SK, Folley BS, Mayer JS, Park S, Charles PD, Camalier CR, Pallavaram S, Konrad PE, Neimat JS.

Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Alters Prefrontal Correlates of Emotion Induction.

Neuromodulation. 2017 Apr;20(3):233-237. doi: 10.1111/ner.12537. Epub 2016 Oct 12. PMID: 27730703; PMCID: PMC5389909.

13.

Mahoney JR, Holtzer R, Izzetoglu M, Zemon V, Verghese J, Allali G.

The role of prefrontal cortex during postural control in Parkinsonian syndromes a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Brain Res. 2016 Feb 15;1633:126-138. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.
2015.10.053. Epub 2015 Nov 6. PMID: 26551767; PMCID: PMC4860007.

14.

Mayer JS, Neimat J, Folley BS, Bourne SK, Konrad PE, Charles D, Park S.

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus alters frontal activity during spatial working memory maintenance of patients with Parkinson's disease.

Neurocase. 2016 Aug;22(4):369-78. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2016.1197951. Epub 2016 Jun 23. PMID: 27337498; PMCID: PMC4980078.

01.

Transcranial photobiomodulation-induced changes in human brain functional connectivity and network metrics mapped by whole-head functional near-infrared spectroscopy in vivo.

Urquhart E., Wanniarachchi H., Wang X. Vol. 11, No. 10 / 1 October 2020 /Biomedical Optics Express.

02.

Zomorrodi, R., Loheswaran, G., Pushparaj, A. et al.

Pulsed Near Infrared Transcranial and Intranasal Photobiomodulation Significantly Modulates Neural Oscillations: a pilot exploratory study.

Sci Rep 9, 6309 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41598-019-42693-x

03.

Rochkind S.

Photobiomodulation in Neuroscience: A Summary of Personal Experience.

Photomed Laser Surg. 2017 Nov;35(11):604-615. doi: 10.1089/pho.2017.4381. PMID: 29099679.

04.

Remote photobiomodulation: an emerging strategy for neuroprotection

Gordon LC, Johnstone DM – Neural Regen Res. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.262573

June 2019

05.

Hennessy M, Hamblin MR.

Photobiomodulation and the brain: a new paradigm.

J Opt. 2017 Jan;19(1):013003. doi: 10.1088/2040-8986/19/1/013003. Epub 2016 Dec 14. PMID: 28580093; PMCID: PMC5448311.

01.

Yang L, Tucker D, Dong Y, Wu C, Lu Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Liu TC, Zhang Q.

Photobiomodulation therapy promotes neurogenesis by improving post-stroke local microenvironment and stimulating neuroprogenitor cells.

Exp Neurol. 2018 Jan;299(Pt A):86-96. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.
2017.10.013. Epub 2017 Oct 19. PMID: 29056360; PMCID: PMC5723531.

02.

Hamblin MR.

Photobiomodulation for Alzheimer's Disease: Has the Light Dawned? Photonics.

2019 Sep;6(3):77. doi: 10.3390/photonics6030077. Epub 2019 Jul 4. PMID: 31363464; PMCID: PMC6664299.

03.

Infrared Laser Treatment of TBI, PTSD, and Depression: An Expert Perspective.

Theodore Henderson, MD, PhD. Psychiatry Advisor.

April 1, 2020

04.

Anders JJ, Moges H, Wu X, Erbele ID, Alberico SL, Saidu EK, Smith JT, Pryor BA.

In vitro and in vivo optimization of infrared laser treatment for injured peripheral nerves.

Lasers Surg Med. 2014 Jan;46(1):34-45. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22212. Epub 2013 Dec 11. PMID: 24338500.

05.

Li X, Liu C, Wang R.

Light Modulation of Brain and Development of Relevant Equipment.

J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;74(1):29-41. doi: 10.3233/JAD-191240. PMID: 32039856.

06.

El Khoury H, Mitrofanis J, Henderson LA.

Exploring the Effects of Near Infrared Light on Resting and Evoked Brain Activity in Humans Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Neuroscience. 2019 Dec 1;422:161-171. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.
2019.10.037. Epub 2019 Nov 1. PMID: 31682952.

07.

Liebert A, Bicknell B, Johnstone DM, Gordon LC, Kiat H, Hamblin MR."Photobiomics":

Can Light, Including Photobiomodulation, Alter the Microbiome?

Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Nov;37(11):681-693. doi: 10.1089/photob.2019.4628. Epub 2019 Oct 9. PMID: 31596658; PMCID: PMC6859693.

08.

Kitta T, Mitsui T, Kanno Y, Chiba H, Moriya K, Shinohara N.

Brain-bladder control network: the unsolved 21st century urological mystery.

Int J Urol. 2015 Apr;22(4):342-8. doi: 10.1111/iju.12721. Epub 2015 Feb 17. PMID: 25693685.

Note: Safety and efficacy is stated throughout many of the studies in each category.

01.

Cassano P, Caldieraro MA, Norton R, Mischoulon D, Trinh NH, Nyer M, Dording C, Hamblin MR, Campbell B, Iosifescu DV.

Reported Side Effects, Weight and Blood Pressure, After Repeated Sessions of Transcranial

2019 Oct;37(10):651-656. doi:10.1089/photob.
2019.4678. PMID: 31647774

02.

Sakatani K, Katayama Y, Yamamoto T, Suzuki S.

Changes in cerebral blood oxygenation of the frontal lobe induced by direct electrical stimulation of thalamus and globus pallidus: a near infrared spectroscopy study.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;67(6):769-73. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.67.6.769. PMID:10567495; PMCID: PMC1736670.

03.

Salehpour F, Mahmoudi J, Kamari F, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Rasta SH, Hamblin MR.

Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: a Narrative Review.

Mol Neurobiol. 2018 Aug;55(8):6601-6636. doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0852-4. Epub 2018 Jan 11. PMID: 29327206; PMCID: PMC6041198.

04.

Henderson TA, Morries LD.

Near-infrared photonic energy penetration: can infrared phototherapy effectively reach the human brain?

Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015 Aug 21;11:2191-208. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S78182. PMID: 26346298; PMCID: PMC4552256.

05.

Emitting Diode Light Through the Head Tissues in Animal and Human Species: A Review of Literature.

Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Oct;37(10):581-595. doi: 10.1089/photob.2019.4676. Epub 2019 Sep 25. PMID:31553265.

06.

Salehpour F, Cassano P, Rouhi N, Hamblin MR, De Taboada L, Farajdokht F, Mahmoudi J.

Penetration Profiles of Visible and Near-Infrared Lasers and Light

Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Oct;37(10):581-595. doi: 10.1089/photob.2019.4676. Epub 2019 Sep 25 PMID: 31553265

07.

Phototherapy: Photobiomodulation therapy—easy to do, but difficult to get right.

Laser Focus World. Parveen Arany.

Jul 31st, 2019

08.

Gramigna V, Pellegrino G, Cerasa A, Cutini S, Vasta R, Olivadese G, Martino I, Quattrone A.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Gait Disorders: Is It Time to Begin?

Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2017 May;31(5):402-412. doi:

09.

Maidan I, Nieuwhof F, Bernad-Elazari H, Reelick MF, Bloem BR, Giladi N, Deutsch JE, Hausdorff JM, Claassen JA, Mirelman A.

The Role of the Frontal Lobe in Complex Walking Among Patients With Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Older Adults: An fNIRS Study.

Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2016 Nov;30(10):963-971. doi: 10.1177/1545968316650426. Epub 2016 May 23. PMID: 27221042.2019.06.013. Epub 2019 Jun 19. PMID: 31226407.

10.

Cassano P, Petrie SR, Hamblin MR, Henderson TA, Iosifescu DV.

Review of transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder: targeting brain metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis.

Neurophotonics. 2016 Jul;3(3):031404. doi: 10.1117/1.NPh.3.3.031404. Epub 2016 Mar 4. PMID: 26989758; PMCID: PMC4777909.

11.

Contributions of Near Infrared Light Emitting Diode in Neurosurgery.

Manuel Dujovny, Erin Morency, Onyekachi Ibe, Pablo Sosa, Fabian Cremaschi. Insights in Neurosurgery.

January 25, 2016.

12.

Pitzschke A, Lovisa B, Seydoux O, Zellweger M, Pfleiderer M, Tardy Y, Wagnières G.

Red and NIR light dosimetry in the human deep brain.

Phys Med Biol. 2015 Apr 7;60(7):2921-37. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/7/2921. Epub 2015 Mar 19. PMID: 25789711.

13.

Onyekachi I, Morency E, Sosa P, Burkow-Heikkinen L (2015)

The role of near-infrared light-emitting diode in aging adults related to inflammation. Healthy Aging Research

Exp Brain Res. 2016 Jul;234(7):1787-1794. doi: 10.1007/s00221-016-4578-8. Epub 2016 Feb 15. PMID: 26879772.

14.

Johnstone D, Coleman K, Moro C, Torres N, Eells J, Baker GE, Ashkan K, Stone J, Benabid A, Mitrofanis J.

The potential of light therapy in Parkinson's disease.

4:24.

15.

Dujovny M, Ibe O, Sosa P, Morency E (2014)

Near Infrared LED: An Emerging Technology on the Treatment of Stroke.

J Neurol Stroke 1(6): 00039. DOI: 10.15406/jnsk.2014.01.00039

16.

D.W. Barrett, F. Gonzalez-Lima,

Transcranial infrared laser stimulation produces beneficial cognitive and emotional effects in humans

, Neuroscience, Volume 230, 2013, Pages 13-23, ISSN 0306-4522, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.neuroscience.2012.11.01.

17.

Quirk BJ, Desmet KD, Henry M, Buchmann E, Wong-Riley M, Eells JT, Whelan HT.

Therapeutic effect of near infrared (NIR) light on Parkinson's disease models.

Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012 Jan 1;4:818-23. PMID: 22201916.

18.

Lapchak PA.

Transcranial near-infrared laser therapy applied to promote clinical recovery in acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.

 Expert Rev Med Devices. 2012 Jan;9(1):71-83. doi: 10.1586/erd.11.64. PMID: 22145842; PMCID: PMC3270070.

19.

Combating Dementia With Infrared Light?

2012 Maura Keller. Aging Well. Vol. 5 No. 1 P. 6

20.

Margaret A. Naeser, Anita Saltmarche, Maxine H. Krengel, Michael R. Hamblin, and Jeffrey A. Knight.

Photomedicine and Laser Surgery.

May 2011.351-358.

21.

Eells JT, Wong-Riley MT, VerHoeve J, Henry M, Buchman EV, Kane MP, Gould LJ, Das R, Jett M, Hodgson BD, Margolis D, Whelan HT.

Mitochondrial signal transduction in accelerated wound and retinal healing by near-infrared light therapy.

Mitochondrion. 2004 Sep;4(5-6):559-67. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2004.07.033. PMID: 16120414.

  • Direct References to Parkinson’s and NiR Laser Therapy
  • Direct References to Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Parkinson’s Related Studies that May Benefit from Photobiomodulation
  • Photobiomodulation in Neurology
  • Photobiomodulation in Other Conditions
  • Safety and Biophysics of Photobiomodulation

Could near infrared light (NIR) be a new treatment for Parkinson's disease?

NorthWing January 17, 2023

The Essanum Experts' Blog. Dr. Sophie Christoph.

Turning On Lights to Stop Neurodegeneration: The Potential of Near Infrared Light Therapy in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease.

NorthWing January 17, 2023

Front Neurosci. 2016 Jan 11;9:500. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00500. PMID: 26793049; PMCID: PMC4707222.

*Results may vary from patient to patient, however data suggests a relatively consistent response curve among most patients over a common set of complications or complaints

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